Next:
Introduction
1.3
Introduction
Background
Literature Review
Literature Review
Existing Formula Entry Methods
Command Line Interfaces
L
A
T
E
X
Mathematica
LISP-like Prefix Notation
Template-style Editors
Graphical Online Pen Entry Systems
Issues In Formula Recognition
Input
Noise Versus Small Symbols
Symbol Segmentation and Recognition
Ambiguous Symbols
Identifying Significant Spatial Relationships
Ambiguity of Symbol Placement
Little Redundancy
Connected and Overlapping Symbols
Ambiguity in the Formula
Strong Formalisation
Weak Formalisation
Free Formalisation
No Formalisation
Post-processing Error Correction Rules
Formula Parsers
Modified Grammars
Box Languages
Projection Profile Cutting
Procedurally Coded Math Syntax
Stochastic Grammars
Graph Rewriting
Data Driven and Knowledge Driven Modules
Summary
The Formula Processor
The Formula Processor
Formula Processor Details
Bounding Regions
Input to the Formula Processor
Building the Initial Graph
Building the Arcs
Type Check
Geometric Test
Overlap Check
Initial Graph Preprocessing
Main Processing
The ``Nothing Inside'' Test
Parser Implementation
Formula Straightening
Summary
The Interface
Aspects of User Interface Design
The Interface
Aspects of User Interface Design
Pen Based Computing
A Pen Based Formula Entry System
The Character Recogniser
Basic Input
Stroke Segmentation
Pauses Between Symbols
Finer Timing Information
Overlapping Strokes
Procedural Code to Group Strokes
Combined Stroke Grouping and Formula Parsing
The Approach Used by This System
Online Annotation
Stroke Regrouping
Modify Characters
Parsing and Preview
Correcting Equation Parsing Errors
User Testing
User Testing
Designing the Test
Choosing Participants
Ethical Considerations
The Test Itself
Post-test Analysis
Usability Inspection
Evaluation
User Testing
Evaluation
User Testing
Working Styles
Time Spent Entering and Correcting Formulae
Parsing
Comparative Timing Results
Error Rates
Misgrouped Characters
Misrecognised Characters
Parsing Errors
Evaluation of User Interface Features
Automatic Stroke Grouping and Annotation as You Write
Modify Stroke Group Mode
Modify Character Mode
Parsing
Evaluation of the User Testing
Usability Inspection
Visibility of System Status
Match Between the System and the Real World
User Control and Freedom
Consistency and Standards
Recognition Rather Than Recall
Flexibility and Efficiency of Use
Aesthetic and Minimalist Design
Help Users Recognise, Diagnose, and Recover From Errors
Error Prevention
Help and Documentation
Overall Degree of Usability
The Overall System
Positive
Negative
Overall
Future Work
The Formula Parser
Future Work
The Formula Parser
Keyboard Input
Magic Hot-Spots
Indication of Areas
Training of the Character Recogniser
Squiggle Select for Other Selecting Operations
Morphing of Symbols
Conclusion
Conclusion
Bibliography
Accompanying CD-ROM
Readme Text File
The Thesis
Quicktime Movie
Accompanying CD-ROM
Readme Text File
The Thesis
Quicktime Movie
Tar File
Graphics Interface '99 Paper
Ethical Statement
Participant Consent Form
Anonymous Questionnaire
Oral Questionnaire
Anonymous Responses
Oral Responses
Raw Data
Error Rates
Parsing Attempts
Drawing and Correction Times
About this document ...
Steve Smithies
1999-11-13
